The flagship, St Gabriel, was captained by Vasco da Gama, and the St Raphael was under the command of his brother Paolo da Gama. These were naos: square-rigged ships of shallow draught weighing about 200 tons. The fleet consisted of four ships, two of which had been specially constructed. The crew would also need better protection for the long journey ahead. The ordinary caravel used by Diaz was not considered sufficient - it was not robust enough, and had insufficient cargo capacity.

When Vasco grew up he joined the navy, where he learned navigational skills and served with distinction in the war against Castille.īartholomew Diaz personally supervised preparations for da Gama's voyage. His father, Estevao da Gama, was head of one of Portugal's most noble families, had a distinguished military history, and was the provincial governor. Vasco da Gama was born in Sines, a small port in southern Portugal, in 1460 - the same year that Henry the Navigator died. In 1497 King John's successor, Manuel I, appointed Vasco da Gama to lead a pioneering voyage to India.

In the meantime, Christopher Columbus, sponsored by the Spanish, had returned to Europe in 1493 to announce that he had successfully found a route to the Orient by sailing west across the Atlantic.

It would, however, be a further ten years before the Portuguese were able to organise a voyage to exploit the discoveries of these two explorers. Disguised as an Arab, Covilha gathered vital information on the ports of the east African and Indian coasts during his three-year journey. To complement the sea voyages of Diaz, the Portuguese monarch King John II also sent Pedro da Covilha, a fluent Arabic speaker, out on a dangerous overland journey to India. By rounding the Cape of Good Hope, Diaz proved that the Atlantic and Indian Oceans were not landlocked, as many European geographers of the time thought, and rekindled the idea that a sea route to India might indeed be feasible. It was not until 1487 that Bartholomew Diaz set off on the voyage that finally reached the southern tip of Africa. For 40 years, Henry sponsored voyages of exploration south along the west African coast, resulting in a lucrative trade in slaves and gold - but the southern extent of the continent remained unknown to Europeans, and the Prince's dream was not realised. He had hoped to be aided by an alliance with the elusive Prester John, whose Christian empire was thought to exist somewhere in Africa and who might have provided assistance to Christians in any fight to overcome Muslim dominance of the Indian Ocean trade. Henry's intention had been to find a sea route to India that would give Portugal access to the lucrative trade in spices from the Far East.

What nation did vasco da gama represent